The Outlook for European Grocery Retailing: Competition and Format Development

This article analyses retail trends in the main European countries, and particularly format evolution and competition amongst retailing firms. On the basis of the existence of European retailing landscapes that are sometimes similar without ever being identical, the article analyses the impact of the main factors of change on different national markets. Whilst retail internationalisation and new entrants, commercial policy, legislative environments, technological innovations, consumers and buying behaviour will have a convergence effect on different countries' retail structures, substantial differences will still exist. European retailing in the coming years will probably be characterized by increasingly less marked differences between countries than one finds today, but market segmentation, variety and differentiation of retailing formats and brand names will be stronger within each country.     

A Huff model with firm heterogeneity and selection. Application to the Italian retail sector

ABSTRACT

In this paper, firm heterogeneity (in terms of productivity, i.e., marginal costs) is incorporated into a Huff model of competition in the Italian retail sector. A higher market potential in the trade area is associated with higher average productivity and lower productivity dispersion through selection of the best stores. The analysis, based on a unique data set encompassing 14,212 Italian retailers, finds support for this relationship in Southern Italy, but not in Northern and Central Italy (where opposite results are obtained in some cases), suggesting the selection dynamics are affected by context factors (other than provincial/regional accessibility) related to an upper geographical scale. The results are robust to controlling for local context factors such as financial risk and floor size restrictions. Floor size restrictions are found to enhance selection.     

高职高专体育课程改革与体育教师角色的转变

随着高职高专体育课程改革的不断深入，体育教师的角色势必需要重新定位。通过体育教师需要转变传统观念，不断提高业务水平，成为学生身心健康发展的促进者，健全人格的塑造者，成为创新型和科研型的体育教师。     

上市连锁零售企业资本结构影响因素实证分析

利用多元回归分析方法研究了我国上市连锁零售公司资本结构的影响因素。研究表明:上市连锁零售公司规模与资本结构正相关;盈利能力、营运能力、偿债能力与资本结构负相关;而企业成长性和国有股所占比重与资本结构无关。     

高校学生课外体育活动形式分析

通过对广西8所成人和高职院校学生课外体育活动的问卷调查显示，学生对参加课外体育活动的目的明确，认知良好，由于场地器材有限和组织管理不够完善，学生参加课外体育活动时间少，活动频度不足。建议从体育教学改革入手，充分利用现有场地器材和学生体育社团、体育俱乐部、体育兴趣小组的体育骨干力量，让更多的学生自觉参加到课外体育活动形式中去。     

Entry into Swedish Retail and Wholesale Trade Markets

This paper examines, using a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model, what determined entry into the Swedish retail and wholesale trade markets between 1990 and 1996. According to the results, high returns on equity and low sunk costs seemed to attract more entry into retail trade industries, while recent entry and higher total industry sales were associated with more entry into both retail and wholesale trade local markets.     

The Role of Retail Competition,Demographics and Account Retail Strategy as Drivers of Promotional Sensitivity

We study the determinants of sensitivity to the promotional activities of temporary price reductions, displays, and feature advertisements. Both the theoretical and empirical literatures on price promotions suggest that retailer competition and the demographic composition of the shopping population should be linked to response to temporary price cuts. However, datasets that span different market areas have not been used to study the role of retail competition in determining price sensitivity. Moreover, little is known about the determinants of display and feature response. Very little attention has been focused on retailer strategic decisions such as price format (EDLP vs. Hi-Lo) or size of stores. We assemble a unique dataset with all U.S. markets and all major retail grocery chains represented in order to investigate the role of retail competition, account retail strategy, and demographics in determining promotional response. Previous work has not simultaneously modeled response to price, display, and feature promotions, which we do in a Bayesian Hierarchical model. We also allow for retailers in the same market to have correlated sales response equations through a variance component specification. Our results indicate that retail strategic variables such as price format are the most important determinants of promotional response, followed by demographic variables. Surprisingly, we find that variables measuring the extent of retail competition are not important in explaining promotional response.     

京、津、沪、粤大型零售企业发展的比较及启示

本文对京、津、沪、粤等大城市零售企业的发展进行研究,并从中找出规律性的东西,这对于我们进一步发展、壮大我国商业大集团有着重要而积极的意义。     

刍议团队管理三要素

本文论述的“团队管理”，不是仅着眼于“团队管理”的某一方面，而是从整体上把握“团队管理”的内涵，把“团队管理”真正看成一个有机的系统。本文先论述团队组织产生的具体背景原因，并把“形成团队的三要素”归纳为：物质的激励机制、向心力、挑战性的目标，再以此分析为基础，对“团队精神”、“行政组织”、“国有企业改革”等理论问题进行初步的探讨、归纳，力求准确而全面地揭贡“团队管理”的本质，为解决实践中出现的问题提供了一个新思路。     

消费者SM的利用构造分析

目前,中国的流通产业正处于变革期,同时零售业也面临着巨大的环境改变。在这种背景下,出现了一些新型的零售业态,尤其是超市SM(SuperMakert)。SM要确保在和相同业态的竞争中获得优势,以及如何满足日趋个性化的消费者的需要显得尤为重要,因此通过对消费者SM的利用构造调查,运用结构方程分析法,对消费者SM的利用构造进行分析探讨。